Congenital or Acquired Anaemias

Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells or haemoglobin levels below normal ranges. Haemoglobin, the protein responsible for oxygen transport to body tissues, is essential for proper organ and tissue function. Low haemoglobin levels can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, or headaches.

There are various types of anaemia with different causes. The most common type is iron-deficiency anaemia, caused by insufficient iron necessary for haemoglobin production. Other causes include vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, genetic conditions like sickle cell anaemia, chronic diseases, blood loss (e.g., heavy menstruation or ulcers), or medical conditions like kidney failure or bone marrow disorders.

Diagnosis is made through blood tests measuring haemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts. Additional tests may determine deficiencies in iron or vitamins or identify underlying conditions.

Treatment depends on the cause. Iron-deficiency anaemia is treated with iron supplements and dietary adjustments, increasing intake of iron-rich foods like meats, dark green leafy vegetables, and legumes. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies require supplementation. For anaemia due to chronic disease, addressing the underlying condition is key. Severe cases may require blood transfusions.

Preventing anaemia involves a balanced diet rich in iron, vitamin B12, and folate, along with regular medical checkups, particularly for individuals at risk, such as women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses. Early detection and treatment are essential to avoiding severe complications.